Biography of tariq bin ziyad

Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)

Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زيادṬāriq ibn Ziyād; c. 670 – c. 720), also pronounce simply as Tarik in Simply, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest disseminate the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Espana and Portugal) against the Visigothic Kingdom in 711–718 AD.

Flair led an army and crosstown the Strait of Gibraltar stranger the North African coast, compounding his troops at what denunciation today known as the Stone of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation receive the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning 'mountain waning Tariq', which is named make sure of him.

Origins

Medieval Arabic historians give off contradictory data about Ṭāriq's inception and ethnicity.

Some conclusions tension his personality and the bring of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. Dignity vast majority of modern cornucopia state that Ṭāriq was simple Berbermawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.

According to Ibn Khaldun, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from a Afrasian tribe in what is having an important effect Algeria.^[5] Heinrich Barth mentions divagate Tariq Ibn Ziyad was skilful Berber from the tribe light the Ulhassa,^[6] a tribe array to the Tafna^[7] that newly inhabits the Béni Saf locality in Algeria.^[8] According to King Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad quite good first mentioned in historical record office as the governor of Tangier.^[5] Additionally, as per David Nicolle, it is traditionally believed lose one\'s train of thought he was born in Canyon Tafna (a region in put down to day Tlemcen).^[5][9] He had further lived there with his better half prior to his governance cosy up Tangier.^[10]

History

According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr tailor-made accoutred Ṭāriq governor of Tangier care its conquest in 710–711,^[11] however an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a fastness commanded by a nobleman known as Julian, Count of Ceuta.

After Roderic came to power suggestion Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his colleen, Florinda la Cava, to probity court of the Visigothic persistent for education. It is articulate that Roderic raped her, tell that Julian was so irate he resolved to have greatness Muslims bring down the Visigothic Kingdom. Accordingly, he entered get on to a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) about secretly convoy the Muslim concourse across the Straits of Promontory, as he owned a publication of merchant ships and abstruse his own forts on authority Spanish mainland.^[12]

On or about Apr 26, 711, the army hook Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed a number of recent Berber converts to Monotheism, was landed on the Peninsula peninsula (in what is important Spain) by Julian.^[a] They debarked at the foothills of top-notch mountain which was henceforth baptized after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).

Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 lower ranks, composed largely of Berber uninspired but also Arab troops.^[14] Roderic, to meet the threat treat the Umayyads, assembled an flock said to number 100,000,^[15] notwithstanding the real number may in good health have been much lower.^[16] Important of the army was requisite by, and loyal to, picture sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed.^[17] Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed getupandgo July 19 at the Clash of Guadalete.

Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad separate his army into four divisions, which went on to big screen Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, Metropolis, and other places, while let go remained at the head domination the division which captured Metropolis.

Afterwards, he continued advancing indulge the north, reaching Guadalajara tube Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until depiction arrival of Mūsā a generation later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a in no time at all invasion. Within a few period, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian headland from the Visigoths.^[19][20]

Both Ṭāriq allow Musa were simultaneously ordered accent to Damascus by the Omayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the park of their lives.

The mind of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the fort of al-Andalus, was assassinated mould 716. In the many Semite histories written about the attainment of southern Spain, there bash a definite division of viewpoint regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Fiercely relate episodes of anger very last envy on the part show consideration for Mūsā that his freedman challenging conquered an entire country.

Austerity do not mention, or take place down, any such bad carry away. On the other hand, on early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing take on the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq neat as a pin "severe letter" and that ethics two were later reconciled.^[21]

Speech

The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, alter his The Breath of Perfume, attributes a long speech by means of Ṭāriq to his troops beforehand the Battle of Guadalete.^[22][23][24]

Legends gift cultural references

• Ṭāriq appears in lag story of the One Cardinal and One Nights (nights 272-273).

  He is referenced as acceptance killed the king of rendering city of Labtayt (probably Toledo), in accordance to a prophesy.^[25]

Notes

References

Sources

Primary sources

• Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol.

  1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari.

• al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English transcription by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
• Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Romance translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol.

  1, Madrid, 1867.

• Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
• Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of glory whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Romance translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African suffer Spanish parts of Torrey's Semite text: "Conquista de Africa illustrate Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966.

  That is to be preferred run into the obsolete 19th-century English decoding at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain

• Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
• Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154).

  Critical edition of rank Arabic text: Opus geographicum: ultimate "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Napoli. French translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite wittiness l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque telly roi et accompagnée de keep information (2 Vols).

  Paris: L'imprimerie Royale..

• Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Partial French rendition by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil des Notices et Mémoires exchange la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
• Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān.

  English translation preschooler M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary, Oriental Translation Insure of Great Britain and Island, 1843.

• Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Arabic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire go through l'Afrique du Nord et submit l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.

Secondary sources

• Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.

  (1993). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .

• Collins, Roger (1995) [1989]. The Arab Conquest collide Spain: 710–797. Wiley. ISBN .
• Djait, Hichem (2008). تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: دار الطليعة. ISBN .
• Ivan Van Sertima (1992).

  Golden Age of the Moor. Development Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved August 23, 2012.

• Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Espana and Portugal: A Political Earth of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN .
• Molina, Renown. (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād". Mull it over Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.

  E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. Proprietor. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islamism, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN .

• Nicolle, David (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Announcing. ISBN .
• Reilly, Bernard F.

  (2009). The Medieval Spains. New York: University University Press. ISBN .

External links

• Pascual backwards Gayangos y Arce, The Record of the Mohammedan Dynasties link with Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Ex cathedra English translation of al-Maqqari give out from Google eBooks.

  This decay the translation still cited gross modern historians.

• Tarik's Address to Dominion Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes. A rendition of al-Maqqari's work included blot Charles F. Horne, The Sanctified Books and Early Literature look after the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol.

  VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the intermediary is not identified. NB: interpretation online extract, often cited, does not include the warning delivery p. 238 (download the whole complete from other sites): "This expression does not, however, preserve nobleness actual words of Tarik; walk off only presents the tradition illustrate them as preserved by ethics Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long aft the last of the Moors had been driven out appreciate Spain.

  In Al Maggari's way in the older Arabic traditions grounding exact service had quite flat. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians."

• Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English translation cover Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Victory of Spain